Exploring the Red Planet
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The Soviet mission Mars 2MV-4 No.1 (Sputnik 22), launched on October 24, 1962, failed in its attempt for a Mars flyby. Although it reached Earth orbit, the 'Blok L' escape stage exploded during the trans-Martian injection attempt, likely due to a lubricant leak in the turbopump.
The Mars 1M No.2 (Marsnik 2) mission, launched by the USSR on October 14, 1960, was the second attempt to fly by Mars. It failed at launch and did not reach Earth orbit. The cause was an oxidizer leak in the Molniya rocket's second stage, which froze the third stage's fuel line, preventing its ignition.
Mars 1M No.1 (Marsnik 1) was humanity's first attempt to reach Mars in 1960. The Soviet flyby mission failed during launch when the Molniya rocket's third stage suffered resonant vibrations , losing control and disintegrating before reaching Earth orbit.
The ExoMars Rosalind Franklin mission represents the forefront of robotic astrobiology. Through a two-meter drilling system, an analytical laboratory (MOMA/RLS), and the innovative use of Americium-241, the mission seeks biomarkers in the Oxia Planum subsurface, ensuring high scientific fidelity.